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Feb 25, 2024
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Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading cause of irreversible blindness in global population. Glaucoma is usually characterized with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), optic nerve head damage, and decrease of visual field. Continuously high IOP might compress optic nerve head and retinal ganglion cells, causing an irreversible damage. Based on anatomical changes, glaucoma is classified into open angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. Current management of glaucoma, consisting of pharmachology treatment, laser treatment, and surgery treatment, is focusing to prevent glaucoma progressivity by managing TIO to achieve target range. New management strategies are currently being developed, in an effort to restore vision lost due to glaucoma.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Zahra, A. (2024). Diagnosis and Management of Glaucoma. Jurnal Klinik Dan Riset Kesehatan, 3(2), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.11594/jk-risk.03.3.5
References
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2. Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2081–90.
3. Willoughby CE, Ponzin D, Ferrari S, Lobo A, Landau K, Omidi Y. Anatomy and physiology of the human eye: effects of mucopolysaccharidoses disease on structure and function – a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug 5;38(s1):2–11.
4. Barar J, Asadi M, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Omidi Y. Ocular Drug Delivery; Impact of in vitro Cell Culture Models. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2009 Oct;4(4):238–52.
5. Goel M, Picciani RG, Lee RK, Bhattacharya SK. Aqueous humor dynamics: a review. Open Ophthalmol J. 2010 Sep 3;4:52–9.
6. Costagliola C, dell’Omo R, Agnifili L, Bartollino S, Fea AM, Uva MG, et al. How many aqueous humor outflow pathways are there? Surv Ophthalmol. 2020 Mar;65(2):144–70.
7. Brusini P. Global Glaucoma Staging System (GGSS): A New Method to Simultaneously Assess the Severity of Both Functional and Structural Damage in Glaucoma. J Clin Med. 2021 Sep 26;10(19).
8. Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P. Retinal Ganglion Cells—Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance. Front Neurol. 2021 May 21;12.
9. Scuderi G, Fragiotta S, Scuderi L, Iodice CM, Perdicchi A. Ganglion Cell Complex Analysis in Glaucoma Patients: What Can It Tell Us? Eye Brain. 2020;12:33–44.
10. Smith CA, Vianna JR, Chauhan BC. Assessing retinal ganglion cell damage. Eye (Lond). 2017 Feb;31(2):209–17.
11. Bourne RR, Khatib T. The optic nerve head in glaucoma. Community Eye Health. 2021;34(112):36–9.
12. Gandhi M, Dubey S. Evaluation of the Optic Nerve Head in Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2013;7(3):106–14.
13. Chan KKW, Tang F, Tham CCY, Young AL, Cheung CY. Retinal vasculature in glaucoma: a review. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2017;1(1):e000032.
14. Mursch-Edlmayr AS, Bolz M, Strohmaier C. Vascular Aspects in Glaucoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 28;22(9).
15. Acott TS, Kelley MJ, Keller KE, Vranka JA, Abu-Hassan DW, Li X, et al. Intraocular Pressure Homeostasis: Maintaining Balance in a High-Pressure Environment. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2014 Mar;30(2–3):94–101.
16. Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA. 2014 May 14;311(18):1901–11.
17. Shahida, Qadir MI. Glaucoma: Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020 Sep 29;30(5).
18. Zukerman R, Harris A, Vercellin AV, Siesky B, Pasquale LR, Ciulla TA. Molecular Genetics of Glaucoma: Subtype and Ethnicity Considerations. Genes (Basel). 2020 Dec 31;12(1).
19. Wang R, Wiggs JL. Common and rare genetic risk factors for glaucoma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014 Sep 18;4(12):a017244.
20. Kang JM, Tanna AP. Glaucoma. Medical Clinics of North America. 2021 May;105(3):493–510.
21. Schuster AK, Erb C, Hoffmann EM, Dietlein T, Pfeiffer N. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 Mar 27;117(13):225–34.
22. Harasymowycz P, Birt C, Gooi P, Heckler L, Hutnik C, Jinapriya D, et al. Medical Management of Glaucoma in the 21st Century from a Canadian Perspective. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:6509809.
23. Mohan N, Chakrabarti A, Nazm N, Mehta R, Edward DP. Newer advances in medical management of glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022 Jun;70(6):1920–30.
24. Nuzzi R, Marolo P, Nuzzi A. What Is New in Glaucoma: From Treatment to Biological Perspectives. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021:5013529.
25. El Hoffy NM, Abdel Azim EA, Hathout RM, Fouly MA, Elkheshen SA. Glaucoma: Management and Future Perspectives for Nanotechnology-Based Treatment Modalities. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2021 Mar 1;158:105648.