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Oct 25, 2024
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Abstract
Hemangioma is a vascular anomaly that is benign and generally occurs in children. ISVVA 2018 classifies vascular anomalies into two categories, namely vascular malformations and vascular tumors (hemangioma). The prevalence of hemangioma is higher in low birth weight babies, premature babies, and girls. Several theories suggest that hemangiomas are caused by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis or an imbalance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Hemangiomas grow through a proliferation phase, involution phase, and post-involution phase. Hemangioma classification is based on the depth of the lesion, time of appearance of the lesion, distribution of the lesion, and its relationship to syndrome complication.. Diagnosis of hemangioma is based on anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations which include USG, MRI, and CT-Scan. Hemangiomas that lead to complications should require immediate treatment. Hemangioma treatment can be done with topical therapy, systemic therapy (propranolol, corticosteroids, β-blockers, vincristine, rapamycin), laser therapy (PDL, diode, Nd: YAG, argon, KTP, CO2, IPL), and other treatments consisting of from surgical and non-surgical procedures (bleomycin injection).
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Arviansyah, A., Wihastyoko, H., Agustina, W., Siswanto, Y., & Sintaningrum, E. (2024). Hemangioma in Children: Literature Review. Jurnal Klinik Dan Riset Kesehatan, 4(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.11594/jk-risk.04.1.5
References
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2. Suparna K, and Elra Veda LPK. Hemangioma Infantil Pada Satu Sisi Payudara. Ganesha Medicine. 2022;2(2):115–9.
3. Wierzbicki JM, Henderson JH, Scarborough MT, Bush CH, Reith JD, and Clugston JR. Intramuscular Hemangiomas. Sports Health. 2013;5(5):448–54.
4. Ikhsan M, Budi A, and Handriani I. Faktor Resiko Dan Karakteristik Infantil Hemangioma Di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Tahun 2015 - 2019. Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik. 2021;6(1):25.
5. Nafianti S. Hemangioma Pada Anak. Sari Pediatri. 2016;12(3):204.
6. Yenila F, Wahyuni S, Rianti E, Marfalino H, and Gusmita D. Sistem Pakar Deteksi Hemangioma Pada Batita Menggunakan Metode Hybrid. Jurnal Informasi dan Teknologi. 2022;4(4):265–70.
7. Kurniawan Perangin-Angin E, and Muzakkie M. Characteristics Of Hemangioma Patient In Palembang. Sriwijaya Journal of Surgery [Internet]. 2021;4(1):171–84. Available from: www.sriwijayasurgery.com
8. Suryanugraha IMS. Diagnosis Dan Tatalaksana Hemangioma Infantil. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana. 2017;1–20.
9. Anderson KR, Schoch JJ, Lohse CM, Hand JL, Davis DM, and Tollefson MM. Increasing Incidence Of Infantile Hemangiomas (IH) Over The Past 35 Years: Correlation With Decreasing Gestational Age At Birth And Birth Weight. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology [Internet]. 2016;74(1):120–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.024
10. Olsen GM, Nackers A, and Drolet BA. Infantile And Congenital Hemangiomas. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery [Internet]. 2020;29(5):150969. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2020.150969
11. Ahuja T, Jaggi N, Kalra A, Bansal K, and Sharma SP. Hemangioma : Review Of Literature. :1000–7.
12. Sandru F, Turenschi A, Constantin AT, Dinulescu A, Radu AM, and Rosca I. Infantile Hemangioma: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Life. 2023;13(9):1–12.
13. Hidayati A, Earlia N, Sari N, Vella, Maulida M, and Asrizal C wahyu. The Profiles Of Infantile Hemangiomas Patients. Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin. 2023;35(2):130–5.
14. Chamli, A., Aggarwal, P., Jamil, R.T. and Litaiem N. Chamli, A., Aggarwal, P., Jamil, R.T. And Litaiem, N.,. StatPearls Publishing; 2023:
15. Rodríguez Bandera AI, Sebaratnam DF, Wargon O, and Wong LCF. Infantile Hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation And Assessment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2021;85(6):1379–92.
16. Sethuraman G, Yenamandra V, and Gupta V. Management Of Infantile Hemangiomas: Current Trends. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;7(2):75.
17. Ruggiero A, Maurizi P, Triarico S, Capozza MA, Mastrangelo S, and Attinà G. Multifocal Infantile Haemangiomatosis With Hepatic Involvement: Two Cases And Treatment Management. Drugs in Context. 2020;9:1–5.
18. Uda K, Okubo Y, Matsushima T, Sadahira C, Kono T, and Hataya H. Multifocal Infantile Hemangioma. Journal of Pediatrics [Internet]. 2019;210:238-238.e1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.048
19. Torres E, Rosa J, Leaute-Labreze C, and Soares-De-Almeida L. Multifocal Infantile Haemangioma: A Diagnostic Challenge. BMJ Case Reports. 2016;2016:1–4.
20. Rotter A, Samorano LP, Rivitti-Machado MC, Oliveira ZNP, and Gontijo B. PHACE Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Criteria, And Management. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2018;93(3):405–11.
21. Iparraguirre H, and Pose G. Síndrome Lumbar . A Propósito De Un Caso. 2019;90(5):289–94.
22. Shah A, Tollefson M, Ahn ES, Gibreel W, and Polites S. Successful Treatment Of Ulcerated Hemangioma With Diversion Colostomy In A Neonate With LUMBAR Syndrome. Journal of Surgical Case Reports. 2024;2024(3):4–6.
23. Yu X, Zhang J, Wu Z, et al. LUMBAR Syndrome: A Case Manifesting As Cutaneous Infantile Hemangiomas Of The Lower Extremity, Perineum And Gluteal Region, And A Review Of Published Work. Journal of Dermatology. 2017;44(7):808–12.
24. Johnson EF, and Smidt AC. Not Just A Diaper Rash: LUMBAR Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics [Internet]. 2014;164(1):208–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.045
25. Chen J, Wu D, Dong Z, Chen A, and Liu S. The Expression And Role Of Glycolysis-Associated Molecules In Infantile Hemangioma. Life Sciences [Internet]. 2020;259(107):118215. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118215
26. Kurniawan H. Tata Laksana Hemangioma Pleura. Zahra: Journal of Health and Medical Research. 2022;2(2):129–41.
27. Rešić A, Benco Kordić N, Obuljen J, and Bašković M. Importance Of Determining Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Serum Levels In Children With Infantile Hemangioma. Medicina (Lithuania). 2023;59(11).
28. Hirawati GK, Pramuningtyas R MN. HUBUNGAN ANTARA BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH DAN KEJADIAN HEMANGIOMA INFANTIL DI POLIKLINIK KULIT DAN KELAMIN RSUD. Jurnal Teknologi [Internet]. 2013;1(1):69–73. Available from: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/MT_Globalization_Report_2018.pdf%0Ahttp://eprints.lse.ac.uk/43447/1/India_globalisation%2C society and inequalities%28lsero%29.pdf%0Ahttps://www.quora.com/What-is-the
29. Sun Y, Qiu F, Hu C, Guo Y, and Lei S. Hemangioma Endothelial Cells And Hemangioma Stem Cells In Infantile Hemangioma. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2022;88(2):244–9.
30. Silitonga RD, Rahardjo, Sudarmanta, and Rahmat MM. Angiografi Dan Embolisasi Pre-Operasi Pada Hemangioma Lidah Tipe Kavernosum. MKGK (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Klinik). 2017;3(3):85–92.
31. Richter GT, and Friedman AB. Hemangiomas And Vascular Malformations: Current Theory And Management. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;2012:1–10.
32. George A, Mani V, and Noufal A. Update On The Classification Of Hemangioma. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2014;18(5):117–20.
33. Barrón-Peña A, Martínez-Borras MA, Benítez-Cárdenas O, Pozos-Guillén A, and Garrocho-Rangel A. Management Of The Oral Hemangiomas In Infants And Children: Scoping Review. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2020;25(2):e252–61.
34. Jung HL. Update On Infantile Hemangioma. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2021;64(11):559–72.
35. Trixie J, and Indonesia UK. Risk Factors Associated With Congenital Hypothyroidism : A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Large Studies. 2021:
36. Lydiawati E, and Zulkarnain I. Infantile Hemangioma: A Retrospective Study. Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin. 2020;32(1):21.
37. Husain AH Al. Komunikasi Kesehatan Dokter Dan Pasien Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Sipakatau Di Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 2020;18(2):126.
38. Dehart A, and Richter G. Hemangioma: Recent Advances [Version 1; Peer Review: 2 Approved]. F1000Research. 2019;8:6–11.
39. Xu W, and Zhao H. Management Of Infantile Hemangiomas: Recent Advances. Frontiers in Oncology. 2022;12(November):1–6.
40. Rotter A, Samorano LP, de Oliveira Labinas GH, et al. Ultrasonography As An Objective Tool For Assessment Of Infantile Hemangioma Treatment With Propranolol. International Journal of Dermatology. 2017;56(2):190–4.
41. Report C. Atipikal Intraoseus Hemangioma : Laporan Kasus. 2021;12(1):467–71.
42. Musadir N. Tumor Sudut Serebellopontin. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala. 2015;15(1):56–9.
43. Sari IW, Fitriani KS. Treatment Of Infantile Hemangioma. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research [Internet]. 2021;6(7):2006–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i7.547
44. Huang H, Chen X, Cai B, Yu J WB. Comparison Of The Efficacy And Safety Of Lasers, Topical Timolol, And Combination Therapy For The Treatment Of Infantile Hemangioma: A Meta-Analysis Of 10 Studies. Dermatol Ther. 2022;
45. Zheng JW, Wang XK, Qin ZP, et al. Chinese Expert Consensus On The Use Of Oral Propranolol For Treatment Of Infantile Hemangiomas (Version 2022). Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine. 2022;4(version):3–5.
46. Najatullah AT. Facial Hemangioma Treated With Serial Intralesional. Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi. 2012;286–90.
47. Pope E, Lara-Corrales I, Sibbald C, et al. Noninferiority And Safety Of Nadolol Vs Propranolol In Infants With Infantile Hemangioma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2022;176(1):34–41.
48. Ziad K, Badi J, Roaa Z, and Emily AH. Laser Treatment Of Infantile Hemangioma. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2023;22(S2):1–7.
49. Cerrati EW, MArch TMO, Chung H, and Waner M. Diode Laser For The Treatment Of Telangiectasias Following Hemangioma Involution. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (United States). 2015;152(2):239–43.
50. Oh EH, Kim JE, Ro YS, and Ko JY. A 1064 Nm Long-Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser For Treatment Of Diverse Vascular Disorders. Medical Lasers. 2015;4(1):20–4.
51. Azma E, and Razaghi M. Laser Treatment Of Oral And Maxillofacial Hemangioma. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2018;9(4):228–32.
52. Jan I, Shah A BS. Therapeutic Effects Of Intralesional Bleomycin Sclerotherapy For Non‑Invasive Management Of Low Flow Vascular Malformations ‑ A Prospective Clinical Study. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2018;8(1):121–3.
53. Bik L, Sangers T, Greveling K, Prens E, Haedersdal M, and van Doorn M. Efficacy And Tolerability Of Intralesional Bleomycin In Dermatology: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology [Internet]. 2020;83(3):888–903. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.018
54. Guo L, Wang M, Song D, et al. Additive Value Of Single Intralesional Bleomycin Injection To Propranolol In The Management Of Proliferative Infantile Hemangioma. Asian Journal of Surgery [Internet]. 2024;47(1):154–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.05.170
55. Luo QF, and Zhao FY. The Effects Of Bleomycin A5 On Infantile Maxillofacial Haemangioma. Head and Face Medicine. 2011;7(1):5–9.
56. Pienaar C, Graham R, Geldenhuys S, and Hudson DA. Intralesional Bleomycin For The Treatment Of Hemangiomas. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2006;117(1):221–6.
57. Lee AHY, Hardy KL, Goltsman D, et al. A Retrospective Study To Classify Surgical Indications For Infantile Hemangiomas. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery [Internet]. 2014;67(9):1215–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2014.05.007
2. Suparna K, and Elra Veda LPK. Hemangioma Infantil Pada Satu Sisi Payudara. Ganesha Medicine. 2022;2(2):115–9.
3. Wierzbicki JM, Henderson JH, Scarborough MT, Bush CH, Reith JD, and Clugston JR. Intramuscular Hemangiomas. Sports Health. 2013;5(5):448–54.
4. Ikhsan M, Budi A, and Handriani I. Faktor Resiko Dan Karakteristik Infantil Hemangioma Di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Tahun 2015 - 2019. Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik. 2021;6(1):25.
5. Nafianti S. Hemangioma Pada Anak. Sari Pediatri. 2016;12(3):204.
6. Yenila F, Wahyuni S, Rianti E, Marfalino H, and Gusmita D. Sistem Pakar Deteksi Hemangioma Pada Batita Menggunakan Metode Hybrid. Jurnal Informasi dan Teknologi. 2022;4(4):265–70.
7. Kurniawan Perangin-Angin E, and Muzakkie M. Characteristics Of Hemangioma Patient In Palembang. Sriwijaya Journal of Surgery [Internet]. 2021;4(1):171–84. Available from: www.sriwijayasurgery.com
8. Suryanugraha IMS. Diagnosis Dan Tatalaksana Hemangioma Infantil. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana. 2017;1–20.
9. Anderson KR, Schoch JJ, Lohse CM, Hand JL, Davis DM, and Tollefson MM. Increasing Incidence Of Infantile Hemangiomas (IH) Over The Past 35 Years: Correlation With Decreasing Gestational Age At Birth And Birth Weight. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology [Internet]. 2016;74(1):120–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.024
10. Olsen GM, Nackers A, and Drolet BA. Infantile And Congenital Hemangiomas. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery [Internet]. 2020;29(5):150969. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2020.150969
11. Ahuja T, Jaggi N, Kalra A, Bansal K, and Sharma SP. Hemangioma : Review Of Literature. :1000–7.
12. Sandru F, Turenschi A, Constantin AT, Dinulescu A, Radu AM, and Rosca I. Infantile Hemangioma: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Life. 2023;13(9):1–12.
13. Hidayati A, Earlia N, Sari N, Vella, Maulida M, and Asrizal C wahyu. The Profiles Of Infantile Hemangiomas Patients. Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin. 2023;35(2):130–5.
14. Chamli, A., Aggarwal, P., Jamil, R.T. and Litaiem N. Chamli, A., Aggarwal, P., Jamil, R.T. And Litaiem, N.,. StatPearls Publishing; 2023:
15. Rodríguez Bandera AI, Sebaratnam DF, Wargon O, and Wong LCF. Infantile Hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation And Assessment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2021;85(6):1379–92.
16. Sethuraman G, Yenamandra V, and Gupta V. Management Of Infantile Hemangiomas: Current Trends. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;7(2):75.
17. Ruggiero A, Maurizi P, Triarico S, Capozza MA, Mastrangelo S, and Attinà G. Multifocal Infantile Haemangiomatosis With Hepatic Involvement: Two Cases And Treatment Management. Drugs in Context. 2020;9:1–5.
18. Uda K, Okubo Y, Matsushima T, Sadahira C, Kono T, and Hataya H. Multifocal Infantile Hemangioma. Journal of Pediatrics [Internet]. 2019;210:238-238.e1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.048
19. Torres E, Rosa J, Leaute-Labreze C, and Soares-De-Almeida L. Multifocal Infantile Haemangioma: A Diagnostic Challenge. BMJ Case Reports. 2016;2016:1–4.
20. Rotter A, Samorano LP, Rivitti-Machado MC, Oliveira ZNP, and Gontijo B. PHACE Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Criteria, And Management. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2018;93(3):405–11.
21. Iparraguirre H, and Pose G. Síndrome Lumbar . A Propósito De Un Caso. 2019;90(5):289–94.
22. Shah A, Tollefson M, Ahn ES, Gibreel W, and Polites S. Successful Treatment Of Ulcerated Hemangioma With Diversion Colostomy In A Neonate With LUMBAR Syndrome. Journal of Surgical Case Reports. 2024;2024(3):4–6.
23. Yu X, Zhang J, Wu Z, et al. LUMBAR Syndrome: A Case Manifesting As Cutaneous Infantile Hemangiomas Of The Lower Extremity, Perineum And Gluteal Region, And A Review Of Published Work. Journal of Dermatology. 2017;44(7):808–12.
24. Johnson EF, and Smidt AC. Not Just A Diaper Rash: LUMBAR Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics [Internet]. 2014;164(1):208–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.045
25. Chen J, Wu D, Dong Z, Chen A, and Liu S. The Expression And Role Of Glycolysis-Associated Molecules In Infantile Hemangioma. Life Sciences [Internet]. 2020;259(107):118215. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118215
26. Kurniawan H. Tata Laksana Hemangioma Pleura. Zahra: Journal of Health and Medical Research. 2022;2(2):129–41.
27. Rešić A, Benco Kordić N, Obuljen J, and Bašković M. Importance Of Determining Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Serum Levels In Children With Infantile Hemangioma. Medicina (Lithuania). 2023;59(11).
28. Hirawati GK, Pramuningtyas R MN. HUBUNGAN ANTARA BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH DAN KEJADIAN HEMANGIOMA INFANTIL DI POLIKLINIK KULIT DAN KELAMIN RSUD. Jurnal Teknologi [Internet]. 2013;1(1):69–73. Available from: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/MT_Globalization_Report_2018.pdf%0Ahttp://eprints.lse.ac.uk/43447/1/India_globalisation%2C society and inequalities%28lsero%29.pdf%0Ahttps://www.quora.com/What-is-the
29. Sun Y, Qiu F, Hu C, Guo Y, and Lei S. Hemangioma Endothelial Cells And Hemangioma Stem Cells In Infantile Hemangioma. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2022;88(2):244–9.
30. Silitonga RD, Rahardjo, Sudarmanta, and Rahmat MM. Angiografi Dan Embolisasi Pre-Operasi Pada Hemangioma Lidah Tipe Kavernosum. MKGK (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Klinik). 2017;3(3):85–92.
31. Richter GT, and Friedman AB. Hemangiomas And Vascular Malformations: Current Theory And Management. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;2012:1–10.
32. George A, Mani V, and Noufal A. Update On The Classification Of Hemangioma. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2014;18(5):117–20.
33. Barrón-Peña A, Martínez-Borras MA, Benítez-Cárdenas O, Pozos-Guillén A, and Garrocho-Rangel A. Management Of The Oral Hemangiomas In Infants And Children: Scoping Review. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2020;25(2):e252–61.
34. Jung HL. Update On Infantile Hemangioma. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2021;64(11):559–72.
35. Trixie J, and Indonesia UK. Risk Factors Associated With Congenital Hypothyroidism : A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Large Studies. 2021:
36. Lydiawati E, and Zulkarnain I. Infantile Hemangioma: A Retrospective Study. Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin. 2020;32(1):21.
37. Husain AH Al. Komunikasi Kesehatan Dokter Dan Pasien Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Sipakatau Di Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 2020;18(2):126.
38. Dehart A, and Richter G. Hemangioma: Recent Advances [Version 1; Peer Review: 2 Approved]. F1000Research. 2019;8:6–11.
39. Xu W, and Zhao H. Management Of Infantile Hemangiomas: Recent Advances. Frontiers in Oncology. 2022;12(November):1–6.
40. Rotter A, Samorano LP, de Oliveira Labinas GH, et al. Ultrasonography As An Objective Tool For Assessment Of Infantile Hemangioma Treatment With Propranolol. International Journal of Dermatology. 2017;56(2):190–4.
41. Report C. Atipikal Intraoseus Hemangioma : Laporan Kasus. 2021;12(1):467–71.
42. Musadir N. Tumor Sudut Serebellopontin. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala. 2015;15(1):56–9.
43. Sari IW, Fitriani KS. Treatment Of Infantile Hemangioma. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research [Internet]. 2021;6(7):2006–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i7.547
44. Huang H, Chen X, Cai B, Yu J WB. Comparison Of The Efficacy And Safety Of Lasers, Topical Timolol, And Combination Therapy For The Treatment Of Infantile Hemangioma: A Meta-Analysis Of 10 Studies. Dermatol Ther. 2022;
45. Zheng JW, Wang XK, Qin ZP, et al. Chinese Expert Consensus On The Use Of Oral Propranolol For Treatment Of Infantile Hemangiomas (Version 2022). Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine. 2022;4(version):3–5.
46. Najatullah AT. Facial Hemangioma Treated With Serial Intralesional. Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi. 2012;286–90.
47. Pope E, Lara-Corrales I, Sibbald C, et al. Noninferiority And Safety Of Nadolol Vs Propranolol In Infants With Infantile Hemangioma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2022;176(1):34–41.
48. Ziad K, Badi J, Roaa Z, and Emily AH. Laser Treatment Of Infantile Hemangioma. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2023;22(S2):1–7.
49. Cerrati EW, MArch TMO, Chung H, and Waner M. Diode Laser For The Treatment Of Telangiectasias Following Hemangioma Involution. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (United States). 2015;152(2):239–43.
50. Oh EH, Kim JE, Ro YS, and Ko JY. A 1064 Nm Long-Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser For Treatment Of Diverse Vascular Disorders. Medical Lasers. 2015;4(1):20–4.
51. Azma E, and Razaghi M. Laser Treatment Of Oral And Maxillofacial Hemangioma. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2018;9(4):228–32.
52. Jan I, Shah A BS. Therapeutic Effects Of Intralesional Bleomycin Sclerotherapy For Non‑Invasive Management Of Low Flow Vascular Malformations ‑ A Prospective Clinical Study. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2018;8(1):121–3.
53. Bik L, Sangers T, Greveling K, Prens E, Haedersdal M, and van Doorn M. Efficacy And Tolerability Of Intralesional Bleomycin In Dermatology: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology [Internet]. 2020;83(3):888–903. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.018
54. Guo L, Wang M, Song D, et al. Additive Value Of Single Intralesional Bleomycin Injection To Propranolol In The Management Of Proliferative Infantile Hemangioma. Asian Journal of Surgery [Internet]. 2024;47(1):154–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.05.170
55. Luo QF, and Zhao FY. The Effects Of Bleomycin A5 On Infantile Maxillofacial Haemangioma. Head and Face Medicine. 2011;7(1):5–9.
56. Pienaar C, Graham R, Geldenhuys S, and Hudson DA. Intralesional Bleomycin For The Treatment Of Hemangiomas. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2006;117(1):221–6.
57. Lee AHY, Hardy KL, Goltsman D, et al. A Retrospective Study To Classify Surgical Indications For Infantile Hemangiomas. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery [Internet]. 2014;67(9):1215–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2014.05.007